Rules for 1031 Exchanges
1031 EXCHANGE REQUIREMENTS
The first step in a 1031 exchange is to contact a qualified intermediary (such as First American Exchange), who will create exchange documents that must be signed before the relinquished property is transferred. If these documents are not signed prior to closing, the transaction will be treated as a taxable sale and subsequent purchase, rather than an exchange. Additionally, the exchange proceeds must not be received by or under the control of the taxpayer or his or her agent, but must be sent directly by the closing agent or buyer to the qualified intermediary. Once the taxpayer is ready to acquire replacement property, the taxpayer must contact First American Exchange and sign additional exchange documents at or prior to that closing.
SAME TAXPAYER REQUIREMENT
The replacement property must be held by the same taxpayer that transferred the relinquished property. A single member limited liability company is disregarded for tax purposes, so a taxpayer can sell the relinquished property in his name and then acquire the replacement property in the name of the single member LLC. The same is true for a grantor (revocable) trust. Since a revocable trust is disregarded for tax purposes, the taxpayer can sell the relinquished property and then buy the replacement property in the name of his revocable trust.
QUALIFIED PURPOSE REQUIREMENT
Both the relinquished and the replacement properties must be held for use in the taxpayer’s trade or business or for investment purposes. Personal residences (used by the taxpayer rather than rented) are not eligible as relinquished or replacement properties.
LIKE-KIND REQUIREMENT
Only like-kind replacement property will qualify to defer the gain on relinquished property. However, all real property is considered like kind to all other real property, regardless of whether it is improved or not. The like kind standards for personal property are much more restrictive.
FULLY DEFERRED EXCHANGE
In order for the taxpayer to receive total deferral of gain and the associated tax liability, the taxpayer must (1) purchase replacement property that is equal to or greater in value than the relinquished property (less exchange expenses), (2) reinvest all of the equity from the relinquished property into the replacement property, (3) acquire only like-kind property. If any of these 1031 exchange requirements are not met, there will be tax consequences. Any cash pulled out by the taxpayer (including the initial down payment) will be treated as taxable boot.
RECEIPT OF BOOT
Cash or other non-like-kind property received in an exchange or debt that is paid off on the relinquished property and not replaced with an equal or greater amount of debt on the replacement property (or offset by the injection of cash) is considered “boot” and is taxable up to the amount of gain. A taxpayer may receive boot and still be able to defer some of the gain. However, if the amount of boot received exceeds the amount of gain, there is no benefit to completing an exchange.
RELATED PARTIES
Generally, taxpayers may transfer their relinquished property to a related party (provided both parties hold the property acquired in the exchange for at least two years); however, in most cases a taxpayer may not acquire its replacement property from a related party unless the related party is also doing an exchange.
IDENTIFICATION DEADLINE
Within 45 days of the transfer of the first relinquished property, taxpayers must identify to the intermediary or other permitted person the potential replacement properties which the taxpayer may acquire in the exchange. This deadline is absolute and is not extended for holidays or weekends. The identification must be in writing, signed by the taxpayer, and the properties must be unambiguously identified. Replacement properties may be identified under either the three-property rule or the 200% rule, or, if these two 1031 exchange rules are exceeded, the 95% rule may be an option. Replacement property received by the taxpayer within the identification period is treated as timely identified. Any revocation of the identification notice must also be in a written document signed by the taxpayer and must be delivered within the identification period to the person to whom the identification notice was sent.
EXCHANGE DEADLINE
Taxpayers must acquire their replacement property by the earlier of: (1) 180 days from the date of transfer of the relinquished property, or (2) the due date for the taxpayer’s tax return for the year in which the relinquished property was transferred (including all extensions). This deadline is absolute and is not extended for holidays or weekends.
REVERSE AND IMPROVEMENT EXCHANGES
If the taxpayer has a need to acquire its replacement property before it is able to transfer its relinquished property, or if the taxpayer desires to use the exchange proceeds to make improvements to targeted replacement property in order to balance the exchange, First American Exchange Company is able to assist in facilitating a reverse exchange or an improvement exchange. Either type requires a title holding (or “parking”) element to the exchange and certain due diligence from the taxpayer on the property to be “parked.” A title holding fee is charged in addition to the standard exchange fees, and the taxpayer must consider whether the tax benefits of completing a reverse exchange or improvement exchange justify the additional associated fees.
DISQUALIFIED PERSON
Disqualified persons may not serve as a taxpayer’s intermediary. They include certain relatives and those who, within a two-year period prior to the exchange, have acted as the taxpayer’s employee, attorney (for non-exchange related services), accountant, investment banker or broker, or real estate agent or broker.
QUALIFIED INTERMEDIARIES
Not all intermediaries are created equally. Any non-disqualified person can operate as a qualified intermediary. Taxpayers should use care in selecting an intermediary with a good reputation in the industry, experience, nationwide services, and proven financial stability. First American Exchange Company possesses all of these characteristics.
For more specific questions on 1031 Exchange rules, contact your local office.